Resource Archive - VPP Acceleration Initiative

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Virtual Power Plant Programs Summary Table

August 13, 2026

Over the past decade, the number of Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) in the U.S. has grown from a handful of small pilots to dozens of programs, some with thousands of participating ratepayers. Battery owners (or leasers) in approximately half the states in the country now have the opportunity to enroll in a VPP, to provide grid services and be compensated in return. This table summarizes the VPP programs that include battery storage, and provides links to relevant program pages and documents.

Comments on DC Virtual Power Plant Regulatory Roadmap Draft

July 20, 2026

CESA submitted comments on draft recommendations for a VPP regulatory roadmap by Kathan Energy Consulting for the DC Department of Energy and Environment.

Energy Storage Program Design for Peak Demand Reduction

December 18, 2024

This issue brief, released by Clean Energy Group and CESA, outlines best practices and lessons learned for state policymakers and regulators engaged in developing energy storage peak demand reduction programs. The brief explores key elements of program design, such as incentive mechanisms and dispatch methods, as well as considerations for incentivizing load reduction versus power export, and peak demand reduction versus emission reduction.

Energy Storage Incentive Rate Setting for States

March 14, 2024

This issue brief provides recommendations and guidance on incentive rate-setting for states seeking to develop distributed (behind-the-meter) energy storage incentive programs. It is intended to help states decide how to structure incentive programs and how to set incentive rates.

Energy Storage Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Framework for State Energy Programs

December 13, 2022

This report is intended as a guide for state energy agencies preparing to conduct cost-effectiveness evaluation for battery storage. It presents a benefit-cost analysis framework for battery storage and attempts to address many of the uncertainties state energy agencies may encounter.