Resource Archive - 2026
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Over the past decade, the number of Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) in the U.S. has grown from a handful of small pilots to dozens of programs, some with thousands of participating ratepayers. Battery owners (or leasers) in approximately half the states in the country now have the opportunity to enroll in a VPP, to provide grid services and be compensated in return. This table summarizes the VPP programs that include battery storage, and provides links to relevant program pages and documents.
This issue brief by CESA covers BVPP program design. The brief surveys and summarizes the characteristics of existing BVPPs, discusses design elements such as battery ownership and compensation mechanisms, and provides a high-level overview of the current state of BVPPs in the United States
This CESA case study profiles Puerto Rico’s first VPP program. The study explores how customer-centered program design and collaborative efforts between the utility, program aggregators, and end users helped bring LUMA Energy’s Customer Battery Energy Sharing (CBES) program to life and scale it into a model for clean, resilient power.
This CESA report aims to help state officials, as well as other stakeholders, understand how policymakers can respond to electric load growth in ways that continue to advance decarbonization of the electricity system.
This paper provides information and guidance on plug-in solar configurations, regulatory issues, economics, and safety concerns.