Resource Archive - Energy Storage

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Virtual Power Plant Programs Summary Table

February 25, 2026

Over the past decade, the number of Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) in the U.S. has grown from a handful of small pilots to dozens of programs, some with thousands of participating ratepayers. Battery owners (or leasers) in approximately half the states in the country now have the opportunity to enroll in a VPP, to provide grid services and be compensated in return. This table summarizes the VPP programs that include battery storage, and provides links to relevant program pages and documents.

Program Design for Battery-Based Virtual Power Plants

February 25, 2026

This issue brief by CESA covers BVPP program design. The brief surveys and summarizes the characteristics of existing BVPPs, discusses design elements such as battery ownership and compensation mechanisms, and provides a high-level overview of the current state of BVPPs in the United States

Table of State Energy Storage Targets, Progress, and Comments

January 8, 2026

“How to Make Solar for All a Reality”: Summary of Opportunities for Funders and Allies

December 3, 2025

Broadening access remains critical to achieve affordability, reliability, and decarbonization goals with solar and solar+storage. A group of nonprofit and Tribal Solar for All grantees produced a summary of the funding, policy, and communication strategies that potential funders and allies seeking to continue this work can prioritize. Among others, strategies include supporting virtual power plant…

OBBBA Tax Credits Summary Diagram

September 19, 2025

This diagram displays primary dates for commencing construction, foreign entities of concern, and placement in service by technology in one print out diagram to use as a quick reference.

Energy Storage Program Design for Peak Demand Reduction

December 18, 2024

This issue brief, released by Clean Energy Group and CESA, outlines best practices and lessons learned for state policymakers and regulators engaged in developing energy storage peak demand reduction programs. The brief explores key elements of program design, such as incentive mechanisms and dispatch methods, as well as considerations for incentivizing load reduction versus power export, and peak demand reduction versus emission reduction.

Bridging the Gap: How Emerging State Policies are Making Energy Storage Affordable and Accessible

December 12, 2024

This report from CESA and Sandia National Labs compiles the results of independent research, providing a summary of emerging affordability and accessibility approaches in leading state energy storage programs. It is intended as a reference material that can be used in state energy storage policymaking across diverse geographical and regulatory jurisdictions.

Battery Storage for Fossil-Fueled Peaker Plant Replacement: A Maine Case Study

April 11, 2024

This analysis demonstrates that battery storage can cost effectively replace aging fossil-fueled peaker power plants in New England.

Comments Regarding Maine’s Draft Assessment of Storage Procurement Mechanisms and Cost-Effectiveness

March 26, 2024

The Clean Energy States Alliance submitted comments to the Maine Governor’s Energy Office (GEO) in response to their Opportunity for Comment Regarding Draft Assessment of Storage Procurement Mechanisms and Cost-effectiveness.

Energy Storage Incentive Rate Setting for States

March 14, 2024

This issue brief provides recommendations and guidance on incentive rate-setting for states seeking to develop distributed (behind-the-meter) energy storage incentive programs. It is intended to help states decide how to structure incentive programs and how to set incentive rates.