Select VPP Resources
The resources listed here can help state policymakers, regulators, energy officials and other stakeholders understand, value, and deploy virtual power plants (VPPs) that strengthen the grid and benefit communities. Resources include primers, valuation studies, state program examples, and policy guidance on topics from wholesale market participation to data center integration.
The ABCs of VPPs: An Introduction to Virtual Power Plants
CESA | 2026
An introduction to what virtual power plants (VPPs) are and how they can be optimally designed.
VPP Liftoff Report 2023 and the 2025 Update
US DOE | 2025
The U.S. Department of Energy’s national assessment of the barriers to scaling VPPs and the policy, market, and financing solutions that can overcome them.
Aggregated Distributed Energy Resources in 2024: The Fundamentals
NARUC and NASEO | 2024
A primer on VPPs and the grid services they provide across bulk, distribution, and grid-edge systems, with program design considerations for states on valuation and compensation.
Building Trustworthy Virtual Power Plants: The VPP Maturity Model
EnergyHub | 2025
A framework for describing VPP capabilities and performance, from basic demand response to fully grid-adaptive resources.